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20.

Environment Variables

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Open config/packages/framework.yaml. We don't need to be authenticated to use this raw user content part of GitHub's API:

30 lines | config/packages/framework.yaml
// ... line 1
framework:
// ... lines 3 - 19
http_client:
scoped_clients:
githubContentClient:
base_uri: https://raw.githubusercontent.com
// ... lines 24 - 30

But if we hit this endpoint a lot, we might hit their rate-limiting, which is pretty low for anonymous users. So let's authenticate our request.

Adding an Authorization Header to the HTTP Request

First, if you're coding along with me, head to "github.com" and create your own personal access token. Once you've done that, open up MixRepository and go down to where we make the HTTP request. To attach the access token to the request pass a third argument, which is an array. Inside, add a headers key set to another array, with an Authorization header assigned to the word Token and then the access token. Start by using a fake token:

45 lines | src/Service/MixRepository.php
// ... lines 1 - 13
class MixRepository
{
// ... lines 16 - 24
public function findAll(): array
{
// ... lines 27 - 32
return $this->cache->get('mixes_data', function(CacheItemInterface $cacheItem) {
// ... line 34
$response = $this->githubContentClient->request('GET', '/SymfonyCasts/vinyl-mixes/main/mixes.json', [
'headers' => [
'Authorization' => 'Token ghp_foo_bar',
]
]);
// ... lines 40 - 41
});
}
}

You can tell this is working because, when we go back over to the page and refresh... it explodes! Our API call now fails with a 404 because it recognizes that we're trying to authenticate with a token... but the one we passed is bogus.

Now add your real token. Try it again and... it works!

Moving Authorization Header to framework.yaml

So this is cool! But it would be nicer if the service came preconfigured to automatically set this authorization header... especially if we want to use this HTTP Client service in multiple places. Can we do that? You bet!

Copy the Token line, head into framework.yaml, and after base_uri, pass a headers key with Authorization set to our long string. Actually, let me put a fake token in there temporarily:

32 lines | config/packages/framework.yaml
// ... line 1
framework:
// ... lines 3 - 19
http_client:
scoped_clients:
githubContentClient:
base_uri: https://raw.githubusercontent.com
headers:
Authorization: 'Token ghp_FAKE'
// ... lines 26 - 32

Back in MixRepository, remove that third argument:

41 lines | src/Service/MixRepository.php
// ... lines 1 - 13
class MixRepository
{
// ... lines 16 - 24
public function findAll(): array
{
// ... lines 27 - 32
return $this->cache->get('mixes_data', function(CacheItemInterface $cacheItem) {
// ... line 34
$response = $this->githubContentClient->request('GET', '/SymfonyCasts/vinyl-mixes/main/mixes.json');
// ... lines 36 - 37
});
}
}

And now, when we try this... great! Things are broken, which proves we're sending that header... just with the wrong value. If we change to our real token... once again... it works! Awesome!

Hello Environment Variables

So far, this is just a nice feature of the HttpClient. But this also helps highlight a common problem. It's... not super great to have our sensitive GitHub API token hardcoded in this file. I mean, this file is going to be committed to our repository. I love my teammates... but I don't love them so much that I want to share my access token to with them... or the access token for our company.

This is where environment variables come in handy. If you're not familiar with environment variables, they're variables that you can set on any system (Windows, Linux, whatever.)... and then you can read them from inside of PHP. Many hosting platforms make it super easy to set these. How does that help us? Because, in theory, we could set our access token as an environment variable then simply read it in PHP. That would let us avoid putting that sensitive value inside our code.

Reading Environment Variables

But, before we talk about setting environment variables, how do we read environment variables in Symfony? Copy your access token so you don't lose it, put single quotes around Token, and then we're going to use a very special syntax to read an environment variable. It's actually going to look like a parameter. Start and end with %, and inside, say env() with the name of the environment variable. How about GITHUB_TOKEN. I just made that name up:

32 lines | config/packages/framework.yaml
// ... line 1
framework:
// ... lines 3 - 19
http_client:
scoped_clients:
githubContentClient:
base_uri: https://raw.githubusercontent.com
headers:
Authorization: 'Token %env(GITHUB_TOKEN)%'
// ... lines 26 - 32

If we head back and refresh... we are now reading that GITHUB_TOKEN environment variable... but we haven't set it yet, so we get this "Environment variable not found" error.

Setting Environment Variables & .env

In the real world, setting environment variables is... actually kind of tricky. It's different on Windows versus Linux. And while many hosting platforms do make it super easy to set environment variables, it's not very simple to do locally on your computer.

That is why this .env file exists. Very simply, when Symfony boots up, it reads the .env file and turns all of these into environment variables. This means we can say GITHUB_TOKEN= and paste our token... and now... it works!

22 lines | .env
// ... lines 1 - 18
###< symfony/framework-bundle ###
GITHUB_TOKEN=

By the way, if there were a real GITHUB_TOKEN environment variable set on my system that real environment variable would win over what we have in this file.

The .env.local File

Okay... this is cool... but we still have the same problem! We have a sensitive value that's inside of a file... which is committed to our repository.

Ok, then, let's try something else. Copy the GitHub token, delete the value from this file, and then create a new file called .env.local. Set the environment variable here.

And now... things still work!

Here's the deal. When Symfony boots up, it first reads the .env file and turns all of these into environment variables. Then it reads .env.local and turns anything in here into environment variables... which override any values set in .env.

The result is that your .env file is meant to hold safe, default values that are ok to be committed to your repository. Then locally, (and maybe also on production, depending on how you deploy), you create a .env.local file and put the sensitive values there. The key thing is that .env.local is ignored by Git. You can see it's already in our .gitignore file. So while this file will contain sensitive values, it will not be committed to the repository.

There are a few other .env files that you can create... and you can see them mentioned here. They're not as important, but if you want to read about them, you can check out the documentation.

Visualizing Env Vars with debug:dotenv

Another cool thing about environment variables is that you can visualize them by running:

php bin/console debug:dotenv

Sweet! You can see the current value of GITHUB_TOKEN... and that this value is also set in .env.local. In contrast, APP_ENV and APP_SECRET have n/a here, meaning their values are not being overridden in .env.local. It also tells us which .env files it detected.

Env Var Processors

There are a few tricks you can use with environment variables. For example, there's something called a "processor system" where you could use trim to "trim" the white space on GITHUB_TOKEN. Or you could use file where the GITHUB_TOKEN variable is actually a path to a file that contains the true value. Anyways, these are called "env var processors" if you want to read more about them.

Next, let's talk quickly about deployment... but even more about how we can safely store these sensitive values when you deploy to production. One option is Symfony's secrets vault.