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15.

Object Dependencies: To Mock, or Not?

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Until now, our examples haven't really needed to involve other objects. For example, in DinosaurSpec, when we call setLength(), we pass a scalar argument. We haven't had a situation yet where the object that we're describing depends on another object. That's something that we need to talk a lot more about.

Pending & Skipped Examples

But first, in DinosaurFactory, we have this growVelociraptor() method. Eventually we're going to add other methods to grow other things. And just to make sure I don't forget to do that, let's create a new it_grows_a_triceratops() example. But I'm not actually ready to describe this or implement it yet... I don't know.... maybe there's a big storm coming and I need to get off the island on the last boat or something. So, just leave it blank and run phpspec:

31 lines | spec/Factory/DinosaurFactorySpec.php
// ... lines 1 - 9
class DinosaurFactorySpec extends ObjectBehavior
{
// ... lines 12 - 26
function it_grows_a_triceratops()
{
}
} 
./vendor/bin/phpspec run

Cool! It shows up as a "todo" pending example! Once we come back after the storm, we won't forget!

One other thing you can do, which is a bit less common in apps, but still neat, is to skip tests if you're missing some sort of dependency. For example, create it_grows_a_small_velociraptor().

Let's pretend like we need an outside library that contains a class called Nanny in order to create baby velociraptors. If that class doesn't exist, we can throw a new SkippingException that says:

Someone needs to look over dino puppies

41 lines | spec/Factory/DinosaurFactorySpec.php
// ... lines 1 - 31
function it_grows_a_small_velociraptor()
{
if (!class_exists('Nanny')) {
throw new SkippingException('Someone needs to look over dino puppies');
}
// ... lines 37 - 38
}
// ... lines 40 - 41

So, no Nanny class? Skip the example. If we do have it, it will run like normal: $this->growVelociraptor(1) and, how about, ->shouldBeAnInstanceOf(Dinosaur::class).

41 lines | spec/Factory/DinosaurFactorySpec.php
// ... lines 1 - 31
function it_grows_a_small_velociraptor()
{
// ... lines 34 - 37
$this->growVelociraptor(1)->shouldBeAnInstanceOf(Dinosaur::class);
}
// ... lines 40 - 41

Since that's just a made-up class, when we run phpspec:

./vendor/bin/phpspec run

Yep! That one got skipped.

Describing the Enclosure

Ok: now that we have so many Dinosaurs, we should probably start thinking about, ya know, keeping them enclosed in some way: right now they're just wandering around the island and causing all kinds of trouble. I think we need a new Enclosure class that we can put the dinosaurs inside of. Oh, oh, oh! That means... it's time to describe a new class! Woo!

./vendor/bin/phpspec describe App/Entity/Enclosure

The idea is that, as we create & persist dinosaurs to the database, we will also create & persist Enclosures and put Dinosaur objects inside of them. Before even running this spec class, let's add our first real example to make sure that each Enclosure is empty by default - it would be a bit surprising if a new Enclosure automatically had a dinosaur hiding inside: it_should_have_no_dinosaurs_by_default().

And, because we will probably need a way to ask what dinosaurs are inside, let's say: $this->getDinosaurs()->shoudHaveCount(0).

21 lines | spec/Entity/EnclosureSpec.php
// ... lines 1 - 8
class EnclosureSpec extends ObjectBehavior
{
// ... lines 11 - 15
function it_should_have_no_dinosaurs_by_default()
{
$this->getDinosaurs()->shouldHaveCount(0);
}
}

Ok, good start! Head back over to your terminal and run things:

./vendor/bin/phpspec run

Enter yes to generate that class, and yes to generate the getDinosaurs() method inside of it.

Thanks to that, not only do we have the new Enclosure class, but it already has its first method!

12 lines | src/Entity/Enclosure.php
// ... lines 1 - 4
class Enclosure
{
public function getDinosaurs()
{
// TODO: write logic here
}
}

Basic Enclosure Implementation

To get started, we probably need a $dinosaurs property, which will hold an array of Dinosaur objects. Add an array return type to the method and return $this->dinosaurs. Oh, and let's initialize the property to an empty array - that's exactly the behavior we're describing.

15 lines | src/Entity/Enclosure.php
// ... lines 1 - 4
class Enclosure
{
/** @var Dinosaur[] */
private $dinosaurs = [];
public function getDinosaurs(): array
{
return $this->dinosaurs;
}
}

We could have just returned a hardcoded empty array... because that is the minimum code we need to get the test to pass. But as you get more comfortable with phpspec, it's ok to start skipping that step - as long as you stay focused on the behavior you need and don't allow yourself to get too fancy.

Let's make sure things are passing:

./vendor/bin/phpspec run

Perfect! Just the one, pending example.

Adding Dinosaurs to the Enclosure

Let's think a bit more about the Enclosure. We will definitely need a way to to add dinosaurs to it. Let's describe that! function it_should_be_able_to_add_dinosaurs(). And because we'll most likely be adding Dinosaurs one-by-one as they're born, I think an addDinosaur() method will be quite perfect: $this->addDinosaur() and pass that a Dinosaur object.

30 lines | spec/Entity/EnclosureSpec.php
// ... lines 1 - 9
class EnclosureSpec extends ObjectBehavior
{
// ... lines 12 - 21
function it_should_be_able_to_add_dinosaurs()
{
$this->addDinosaur(new Dinosaur());
// ... lines 25 - 27
}
}

Mock the Dinosaur Object?

But wait! This is the first time that we're calling a method on our object and what we need to pass to that method is... another object! Ok... so what's the big deal? Remember, in unit tests, each class is supposed to be tested in complete isolation. If you have a class that depends on a database connection, instead of passing the real database connection object, you're supposed to pass it a mock object so that it doesn't make real database queries and also so we can fake and control the return value of its methods.

So... question time: should we mock the Dinosaur object? And if so, how do we do that?

The answer is... probably no: we should not mock it. Whenever you need to pass an object to the object you're testing, you need to decide whether or not to mock it. And the correct answer depends on how difficult it is to instantiate the object and control its behavior. For example, the Dinosaur object is a simple model object, and it doesn't really do anything - it just holds data. It's easy to instantiate and, if we want its getLength() method to return 7 to help us test something, yea, that's super easy! Just set its length to 7!

The point is: the Dinosaur object is so simple, that mocking will work, but it will make your life harder! That's why I prefer to pass in the real object.

If this were a database connection object, something that sent emails or any other class that did some real work, I would mock it, and we'll talk about how to mock things in phpspec soon.

Let's copy this line so we can add two dinosaurs. And then say $this->getDinosaurs()->shouldHaveCount(2).

30 lines | spec/Entity/EnclosureSpec.php
// ... lines 1 - 21
function it_should_be_able_to_add_dinosaurs()
{
$this->addDinosaur(new Dinosaur());
$this->addDinosaur(new Dinosaur());
$this->getDinosaurs()->shouldHaveCount(2);
}
// ... lines 29 - 30

Ok, let's try it!

./vendor/bin/phpspec run

Woo! Sweet phpspec failure - let it generate the new method. Then, flip back and find that new method. Change the argument to Dinosaur $dinosaur. And inside the method, $this->dinosaurs[] = $dinosaur.

20 lines | src/Entity/Enclosure.php
// ... lines 1 - 4
class Enclosure
{
// ... lines 7 - 14
public function addDinosaur(Dinosaur $dinosaur)
{
$this->dinosaurs[] = $dinosaur;
}
}

Did we mess anything up? Find out:

./vendor/bin/phpspec run

Definitely not... because our tests are green!

Next, let's talk about how we can test exceptions, including exceptions that might happen when your object is being constructed. Oh, and we'll use a cool ObjectMatcher that lets you test methods that return a boolean in a really smooth way.