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11.

Describing Object Construction

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Let's describe a new behavior that we need for our Dinosaur class. I want to be able to easily get a "description" of the Dinosaur - a string that will contain the type of dinosaur, whether or not it likes to eat people and its length.

Let's turn that into a new example: function it_should_return_full_description(). For this first example, we'll describe what the description should look like if we set no data. Let's say that there should be a new getDescription() method that shouldReturn():

The Unknown non-carnivorous dinosaur is 0 meters long

62 lines | spec/Entity/DinosaurSpec.php
// ... lines 1 - 9
class DinosaurSpec extends ObjectBehavior
{
// ... lines 12 - 56
function it_should_return_full_description()
{
$this->getDescription()->shouldReturn('The Unknown non-carnivorous dinosaur is 0 meters long');
}
}

Our Dinosaur doesn't even have any properties on it related to what "type" of Dinosaur it is, or whether it's carnivorous or non-carnivorous - but those are details for future Ryan to worry about. Let's live in the now! Run the test:

./vendor/bin/phpspec run

Yay! Failure! And it happily offers to generate that getDescription() method for us. Yes please! When it re-executes itself, it still fails: that new method is blank.

The Wonderful Lesson of Hardcoding Return Values

Ok, remember the red, green, refactor cycle? For step two, we're technically supposed to make this test green with as little work as possible. Challenge accepted! Let's copy this string, go into Dinosaur, find the new method, and - yes, I am about to do this - return that hardcoded string! We are awesome at programming! For extra credit, let's add a return type.

24 lines | src/Entity/Dinosaur.php
// ... lines 1 - 4
class Dinosaur
{
// ... lines 7 - 18
public function getDescription(): string
{
return 'The Unknown non-carnivorous dinosaur is 0 meters long';
}
}

Yes, I do realize how silly this is. And no, I don't do this when I'm coding for real. But, there's something... beautiful about hardcoding this value: it's a reminder to focus on what we truly need to accomplish in this method - and to not over-complicate things or add extra options we don't need yet. BDD says: if you need your code to be more flexible, you'll discover that naturally when you describe some new behavior in a new example. The design of your code "emerges" naturally after writing examples and getting them to pass.

When we try phpspec again:

./vendor/bin/phpspec run

Shocking! It passes!

Describing Constructor Arguments

Head back to our DinosaurSpec class: to fully describe how we want the new getDescription() method to work, we need a few more examples. Let's see: the description contains details about the "type" or "genus" of the dinosaur - like Tyrannosaurus or Stegosaurus - and whether or not it wants to eat you. I mean, whether or not it's carnivorous.

Right now, there is no way to set this type of info on the Dinosaur class. We need to fix that. So... how do we want to set that info? For the length, we added a setLength() method. But, I think that the type of dinosaur and whether or not it's carnivorous are so important, that they should be passed via the constructor when instantiating a Dinosaur.

Let's create an example: it_should_return_full_description_for_tyrannosaurus(). We know that phpspec handles instantiating a new Dinosaur object for us so that when we call getDescription(), it eventually calls that method on the real object.

70 lines | spec/Entity/DinosaurSpec.php
// ... lines 1 - 61
function it_should_return_full_description_for_tyrannosaurus()
{
// ... lines 64 - 67
}
// ... lines 69 - 70

That's cool, but what's cooler is that we can control how it's instantiated. To do that, say $this->beConstructedWith() and - quite literally - pass the arguments here that we want to pass to the new Dinosaur object. Hmm, I think the first argument should be the dinosaur type - tyrannosaurus - and the second a boolean for whether or not it's carnivorous. Definitely true.

70 lines | spec/Entity/DinosaurSpec.php
// ... lines 1 - 61
function it_should_return_full_description_for_tyrannosaurus()
{
$this->beConstructedWith('Tyrannosaurus', true);
// ... lines 65 - 67
}
// ... lines 69 - 70

Now... keep going like normal! Let's set a length - $this->setLength(12) - and then assert that $this->getDescription()->shouldReturn() the string

The Tyrannosaurus carnivorous dinosaur should be 12 meters long

70 lines | spec/Entity/DinosaurSpec.php
// ... lines 1 - 61
function it_should_return_full_description_for_tyrannosaurus()
{
// ... line 64
$this->setLength(12);
$this->getDescription()->shouldReturn('The Tyrannosaurus carnivorous dinosaur is 12 meters long');
}
// ... lines 69 - 70

Perfect! And thanks to this new example... our hardcoded return statement? Yea... that ain't gonna work anymore.

How the Objects are Constructed

Oh, by the way, what if we had two beConstructedWith() lines with different arguments? I know, this looks silly - but this can happen in some cases when you use a setup function called let() that we'll learn about later.

Anyways, what would happen here? An error? CPU over-heating? Neither! The last call always wins. The reason is the interesting part. Behind the scenes, phpspec delays instantiating the object as long as it can. In this case, it doesn't actually instantiate the Dinosaur object until we call a method on it like setLength(). At that moment, phpspec realizes it needs to instantiate the object and creates it using the arguments that were passed to the last beConstructedWith() call.

Ok, let's run phpspec and get to the "red" part of the cycle:

./vendor/bin/phpspec run

Hey! This is cool! It says that the method __construct() was not found! It realizes that we're saying beConstructedWith()... but we're missing that method! And of course, it even offers to generate it. Do it!

Next, let's hook up the constructor and work with phpspec to get our examples passing.