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API Platform: Serious RESTful APIs

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We have a cheese resource and a user resource. Let's link them together! Ok, the real problem we need to solve is this: each CheeseListing will be "owned" by a single user, which is something we need to set up in the database but also something we need to expose in our API: when I look at a CheeseListing resource, I need to know which user posted it!

Creating the Database Relationship

Let's set up the database first. Find your terminal and run:

php bin/console make:entity

Let's update the CheeseListing entity and add a new owner property. This will be a relation to the User entity... which will be a ManyToOne relationship: every CheeseListing has one User. Should this new property be nullable in the database? Say no: every CheeseListing must have an owner in our system.

Next, it asks a super important question: do we want to add a new property to User so that we can access and update cheese listings on it - like $user->getCheeseListings(). Doing this is optional, and there are two reasons why you might want it. First, if you think writing $user->getCheeseListings() in your code might be convenient, you'll want it! Second, when you fetch a User in our API, if you want to be able to see what cheese listings this user owns as a property in the JSON, you'll also want this. More on that soon.

Anyways, say yes, call the property cheeseListings and say no to orphanRemoval. If you're not familiar with that option... then you don't need it. And... bonus! A bit later in this tutorial, I'll show you why and when this option is useful.

Hit enter to finish! As usual, this did a few things: it added an $owner property to CheeseListing along with getOwner() and setOwner() methods. Over on User, it added a $cheeseListings property with a getCheeseListings() method... but not a setCheeseListings() method. Instead, make:entity generated addCheeseListing() and removeCheeseListing() methods. Those will come in handy later.

195 lines src/Entity/CheeseListing.php
... lines 1 - 37
class CheeseListing
{
... lines 40 - 84
/**
* @ORM\ManyToOne(targetEntity="App\Entity\User", inversedBy="cheeseListings")
* @ORM\JoinColumn(nullable=false)
*/
private $owner;
... lines 90 - 182
public function getOwner(): ?User
{
return $this->owner;
}
public function setOwner(?User $owner): self
{
$this->owner = $owner;
return $this;
}
}

185 lines src/Entity/User.php
... lines 1 - 22
class User implements UserInterface
{
... lines 25 - 58
/**
* @ORM\OneToMany(targetEntity="App\Entity\CheeseListing", mappedBy="owner")
*/
private $cheeseListings;
... line 63
public function __construct()
{
$this->cheeseListings = new ArrayCollection();
}
... lines 68 - 156
public function getCheeseListings(): Collection
{
return $this->cheeseListings;
}
public function addCheeseListing(CheeseListing $cheeseListing): self
{
if (!$this->cheeseListings->contains($cheeseListing)) {
$this->cheeseListings[] = $cheeseListing;
$cheeseListing->setOwner($this);
}
return $this;
}
public function removeCheeseListing(CheeseListing $cheeseListing): self
{
if ($this->cheeseListings->contains($cheeseListing)) {
$this->cheeseListings->removeElement($cheeseListing);
// set the owning side to null (unless already changed)
if ($cheeseListing->getOwner() === $this) {
$cheeseListing->setOwner(null);
}
}
return $this;
}
}

Let's create the migration:

php bin/console make:migration

And open that up... just to make sure it doesn't contain anything extra.

40 lines src/Migrations/Version20190509190403.php
... lines 1 - 12
final class Version20190509190403 extends AbstractMigration
{
... lines 15 - 19
public function up(Schema $schema) : void
{
// this up() migration is auto-generated, please modify it to your needs
$this->abortIf($this->connection->getDatabasePlatform()->getName() !== 'mysql', 'Migration can only be executed safely on \'mysql\'.');
$this->addSql('ALTER TABLE cheese_listing ADD owner_id INT NOT NULL');
$this->addSql('ALTER TABLE cheese_listing ADD CONSTRAINT FK_356577D47E3C61F9 FOREIGN KEY (owner_id) REFERENCES user (id)');
$this->addSql('CREATE INDEX IDX_356577D47E3C61F9 ON cheese_listing (owner_id)');
}
... lines 29 - 38
}

Looks good - altering the table and setting up the foreign key. Execute that:

php bin/console doctrine:migrations:migrate

Oh no! It exploded!

Cannot add or update a child row, a foreign key constraint fails

... on the owner_id column of cheese_listing. Above the owner property, we set nullable=false, which means that the owner_id column in the table cannot be null. But... because our cheese_listing table already has some rows in it, when we try to add that new column... it doesn't know what value to use for the existing rows and it explodes.

It's a classic migration failure. If our site were already on production, we would need to make this migration fancier by adding the new column first as nullable, set the values, then change it to not nullable. But because we're not there yet... we can just drop all our data and try again. Run:

php bin/console doctrine:schema:drop --help

... because this has an option I can't remember. Ah, here it is: --full-database will make sure we drop every table, including migration_versions. Run:

php bin/console doctrine:schema:drop --full-database --force

Now we can run every migration to create our schema from scratch:

php bin/console doctrine:migrations:migrate

Nice!

Exposing the Relation Property

Back to work! In CheeseListing, we have a new property and a new getter and setter. But because we're using normalization and denormalization groups, this new stuff is not exposed in our API.

To begin with, here's the goal: when we create a CheeseListing, an API client should be able to specify who the owner is. And when we read a CheeseListing, we should be able to see who owns it. That might feel a bit weird at first: are we really going to allow an API client to create a CheeseListing and freely choose who its owner is? For now, yes: setting the owner on a cheese listing is no different than setting any other field. Later, once we have a real security system, we'll start locking things down so that I can't create a CheeseListing and say that someone else owns it.

Anyways, to make owner part of our API, copy the @Groups() off of $price... and add those above $owner.

196 lines src/Entity/CheeseListing.php
... lines 1 - 37
class CheeseListing
{
... lines 40 - 84
/**
... lines 86 - 87
* @Groups({"cheese_listing:read", "cheese_listing:write"})
*/
private $owner;
... lines 91 - 194
}

Let's try it! Move over and refresh the docs. But before we look at CheeseListing, let's create a User so we have some data to play with. I'll give this an email, any password, a username and... Execute. Great - 201 success. Tweak the data and create one more user.

Now, the moment of truth: click to create a new CheeseListing. Interesting... it says that owner is a "string"... which might be surprising... aren't we going to set this to the integer id? Let's find out. Try to sell a block of unknown cheese for $20, and add a description.

For owner, what do we put here? Let's see... the two users we just created had ids 2 and 1. Okay! Set owner to 1 and Execute!

Woh! It fails with a 400 status code!

Expected IRI or nested document for attribute owner, integer given.

It turns out that setting owner to the id is not correct! Next, let's fix this, talk more about IRIs and add a new cheeseListings property to our User API resource.

Leave a comment!

This tutorial works great for Symfony 5 and API Platform 2.5.
Symfony 4 API Platform 2.4

What PHP libraries does this tutorial use?

// composer.json
{
    "require": {
        "php": "^7.1.3",
        "ext-ctype": "*",
        "ext-iconv": "*",
        "api-platform/api-pack": "^1.2", // v1.2.0
        "composer/package-versions-deprecated": "^1.11", // 1.11.99
        "doctrine/doctrine-migrations-bundle": "^2.0", // v2.0.0
        "nesbot/carbon": "^2.17", // 2.19.2
        "symfony/console": "4.2.*", // v4.2.9
        "symfony/dotenv": "4.2.*", // v4.2.9
        "symfony/flex": "^1.1", // v1.9.10
        "symfony/framework-bundle": "4.2.*", // v4.2.9
        "symfony/yaml": "4.2.*" // v4.2.9
    },
    "require-dev": {
        "symfony/maker-bundle": "^1.11", // v1.11.6
        "symfony/profiler-pack": "^1.0" // v1.0.4
    }
}
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